This file is not intended to be read by humans. Please see the formatted index to item ref. cks098 - Volume 33(2)

# ===== HEADER SECTION
#
%0 Journal
%1 cavekarstscience
%2 £1.75 plus postage
%J Cave and Karst Science
%E John Gunn, David Lowe
%D 2006
%C Buxton
%I British Cave Research Association
%P iii + 48
%Z A4, with photos, maps and diagrams
%N 33(2),2006 (September),August 2007
%@ ISSN 1356-191X
%3 The Transactions of the British Cave Research Association
%_ end

# ===== ARTICLES SECTION

%P i
%T Front cover photo
%A Tony Waltham
%X (The front cover photo is not available online).
%X Claude Chabert inspects the breakdown pile in the Battlefield Chamber of White Scar Cave, Yorkshire, back in the late 1970s and before the walkways were added to extend the Show Cave. For more details about the discovery, exploration and development of White Scar Cave see the article by Stephen Craven in this Issue. Photograph by Tony Waltham.
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%P ii
%T Notes for contributors
%Z free
%_ end

%P 49
%T Contents
%X (The page numbers given on page 49 are incorrect)
%Z free
%_ end

%P 50
%T Editorial
%A John Gunn, David Lowe
%Z free
%_ end

%P 51-54
%9 Paper
%T The effect of binocular vision disorders on cave surveying accuracy.
%A Mark DOUGHERTY
%X Abstract: Binocular vision disorders such as heterophoria and hyperphoria are relatively common. This paper shows that, if a cave survey team does not take careful account of the possibility of one or more of its members suffering from such a disorder, very serious errors can occur. Theoretical and empirical evidence is presented. The likely magnitude of these errors implies that BCRA grade 5 cannot be achieved unless surveyors check for or, if necessary, correct for binocular vision disorders. Various techniques to eliminate such errors are explained and compared. Finally, a recommendation is made concerning an additional clause to the notes that accompany the BCRA cave surveying grade definitions. To achieve BCRA grade 5, the possibility of binocular vision disorders must be taken into account.
%8 Received 14 June 05; Accepted 11 December 06
%_ end

%P 55-64
%9 Paper
%T The hydrogeology of crystalline rocks as supporting evidence for tectonic inception in some epigean endokarsts.
%A Trevor FAULKNER
%X Abstract: This paper reviews the considerable advances made in recent years to understand the processes leading to the creation of the triple porosity hydrogeology described for karstic limestones. These have concentrated on the physics and chemistry of slow karst dissolution during the inception phase of conduit evolution in sedimentary limestones prior to 'breakthrough', and then considered the subsequent and more rapid phreatic enlargement into networks with high hydraulic conductivity. However, it is not only soluble rocks that can exhibit significant conductivities. A review of the literature of the hydrogeology of 'crystalline' (i.e. igneous and metamorphic) non-carbonate 'hard rocks' that dates from the late-1980s reveals that such rocks can also act as aquifers, especially near the surface. Their discharges supply natural springs and household wells and boreholes, flood mines, and put at risk the underground containment of hazardous wastes. Fractures are utilised within the crystalline rocks (which have negligible primary porosity, and which are assumed not to develop solutional conduits), so that flow rates can exceed the breakthrough point that, in limestones, would mark the transition from laminar to turbulent flow conditions, and fast dissolution. Similar processes should also apply to metamorphic limestones, and, indeed, to sedimentary limestones, some of which are now known to exhibit open fractures created by seismic or aseismic tectonism. In these cases, the slow chemical inception phase may be bypassed, because some karst passages may develop under phreatic conditions, at high wall-retreat rates, immediately after the inundation of epigean fractures formed tectonically. New models of speleogenetic initiation should therefore recognise both the appropriateness of the (chemical) Inception Horizon Hypothesis for the development of deep, long-range, conduits over long periods of time, as well as the importance of fast speleogenesis initiated by tectonic inception for short and epigean cave systems.
%K breakthrough, crystalline, hard rock, hydrogeology, inception, laminar, tectonic, turbulent.
%8 Received 19 October 06; Accepted 10 April 07
%_ end

%P 65-72
%9 Paper
%T Further phreatic cave systems in Swaledale, North Yorkshire, UK.
%A Tony HARRISON
%X Abstract: About a dozen significant phreatic cave systems have been discovered in the Carboniferous limestone of the Northern Pennines, most accessible only through old mine workings. Two of these, in Devis Hole Mine, Grinton in Swaledale, were first broken into by 19th century miners and rediscovered in the 1960s and 1970s. The recent reopening of collapsed levels in the same mine has enabled three more phreatic systems to be found, resulting in a total of 4.2km of network passages now being accessible in this mine. The original discovery and use of the passages by the lead miners, and the geomorphology and possible origin of the systems are discussed.
%8 Received 26 September 2006; Accepted 18 November 2006
%_ end

%P 73-76
%9 Paper
%T Intra-specific predation and survivorship of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda) within aquatic karstic habitats.
%A Sally LITTLE, Tom HASLEHURST, Paul J. WOOD
%X Abstract: Population characteristics (abundance of individuals, body size and body mass index) of the stygophilic freshwater shrimp, Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda), and resource availability (particulate organic matter) within karstic subterranean, spring and riverine habitats in the English Peak District (Derbyshire) were examined. Field experiments were subsequently undertaken to characterize the intra-specific predatory behaviour (cannibalism) of the different populations. The results indicate that the natural abundance of G. pulex was lower in subterranean habitats compared to epigean habitats, although there was a similar body size range of individuals present within each habitat. Subterranean and spring populations had a lower body mass index compared to riverine populations. Experiments assessing intra­specific predation of G. pulex indicated that survivorship was significantly lower at subterranean sites compared to epigean spring and riverine sites. The results are discussed with reference to intra-specific predation within Gammarus spp. populations and resource limitation within aquatic subterranean habitats.
%K cannibalism, freshwater shrimp, resource limitation, population characteristics.
%8 Received 25 January 2007; Accepted 30 April 2007
%_ end

%P 77-86
%9 Paper
%T White Scar Cave, Chapel-le-Dale, North Yorkshire, England.
%A Stephen A. CRAVEN
%X Abstract: The paper records the history, over two centuries, of the discovery, exploration, geological significance, politics and development of White Scar Cave.
%8 Received 23 February 2007; Accepted 28 May 2007
%_ end

%P 87-88
%9 Report
%T Cave and karst images: the rediscovery of an important historical record.
%A Gill NIXON
%X A fascinating collection of British Geological Survey records, dating back to its establishment in 1835, is archived in the Library Strongroom at the Survey office at Keyworth, Nottinghamshire. Among the contents are letters, files, maps, medals, lantern slides, prints and other ephemera that seldom see the light of day, except at the specific request of BGS staff or visiting researchers.
%8 Received: 11 April 2007; Accepted 9 July 2007
%_ end

%P 89-92
%9 Forum
%T Abstracts of the 18th BCRA Cave Science Symposium, University of Huddersfield, 10 March 2007
%Z free
%_ end

%P 92
%9 Forum
%T Thesis Abstract
%X Nemangwele, Fhulufhelo (2005), Radon in the Cango Caves. MSc Thesis: Department of Physics, University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
%_ end

%P 92-95
%9 Forum
%T Karstologia abstracts
%X 1) Karstologia 2006/47
%X 2) Karstologia 2006/48
%_ end

%P 95-96
%9 Forum
%T Recent Karst Publications
%_ end

%P iii
%T Research funds and grants
%Z free
%_ end