This file is not intended to be read by humans. Please see the formatted index to item ref. cks111 - Volume 37(3)

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%0 Journal
%1 cavekarstscience
%2 £6.00 plus postage
%J Cave and Karst Science
%E John Gunn, David Lowe
%D 2010
%C Buxton
%I British Cave Research Association
%P iv + 32
%Z A4, with photos, maps and diagrams
%N 37(3),2010 (December),Feb 2011
%@ ISSN 1356-191X
%3 The Transactions of the British Cave Research Association
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# ===== ARTICLES SECTION

%P i
%T Front cover photo
%A Alexander Klimchouk
%X One of many similar shafts on the Arabika Massif in the Gagra Range of the western Caucasus mountains in Abkhazia (Georgia). However, this at first glance unimpressive shaft in an equally innocuous doline on the hillside above the Orto-Balagan valley provides the entrance to Krubera (Voronja), the world's deepest cave (2191m; 7188 feet). (Photograph by Alexander Klimchouk.)
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%P ii
%T Notes for Contributors
%Z free
%_ end

%P 69
%T Contents
%Z free
%_ end

%P 70
%T Advert: BCRA Cave Science Symposium, 5 March 2011
%Z free
%_ end

%P 71-72
%T Editorial
%A John Gunn, David Lowe
%Z free
%_ end

%P 73-78
%9 Report
%T Speleology of Georgia: aspects of its current situation and perspectives
%A Kukuri Tsikarishvili, Shalva Barjadze, Eliso Kvavadze, Nana Bolashvili, Revaz Djanashvili, Inga Martkopkishvili
%X Currently there are 1306 known karst caves in Georgia, of which 480 are horizontal caves and 826 are shafts and chasms. Their total length is 240km and their cumulative depth is about 61km. The world's two deepest known caves, Krubera (Voronja) (2,191m deep) and Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya (1,753m deep), are located in Georgia. Information about the longest and deepest caves is provided. The histories of speleological and speleobiological investigations are briefly reviewed, and the necessity of advancing local people's speleological education is raised
%8 Received 1 December 2010; Accepted 24 December 2010
%Z summary
%_ end

%P 79-92
%9 Paper
%T An external model of speleogenesis during Quaternary glacial cycles in the marbles of central Scandinavia
%A Trevor Faulkner
%X The marble caves of the Central Scandinavian Caledonides were formed from open fractures that were created primarily by deglacial seismicity at the culmination of each of the many complex Quaternary glaciations that the region has experienced. Subsequent inundation by deglacial ice-dammed lakes enabled phreatic enlargement by dissolution, with passages either becoming relict during the following interglacial or else being entrenched by (mainly) vadose processes if recharged by allogenic streams. Because the distance of the contemporary fractures and therefore the cave passages from the nearest land surface is commonly constrained to be less than one-eighth of the depth of the local glaciated valley, the caves are rather epigean in nature. This subsurface cave distance is of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of rock removed from valley walls and floors at each major glaciation, suggesting that, when viewed over several glacial cycles, caves are involved in a race to develop deeper during deglaciation and the following interglacial before their upper levels are removed by erosion at the next glaciation. Indeed, relatively few cave passages in the study area can have survived from the previous, Eemian, interglacial.
%X This paper examines evidence for the interglacial and erosional processes and utilises a 'black box' approach to provide an external model for cave development and removal. It proposes that Caledonide marble caves in stripe karst outcrops should especially be considered as four-dimensional objects throughout their commonly intermittent existence. Mainly vadose caves are regarded as 'half-cycle' caves that developed primarily in the Holocene. Relict caves (primarily phreatic) and combination caves (with both phreatic and vadose elements) are commonly 'single-cycle' caves that developed their relict phreatic passages during Weichselian deglaciation, and only a few are 'multi-cycle' caves that have experienced several Pleistocene glacial cycles. The existing caves are more numerous and commonly larger than those that were present during previous interglacials.
%K Caledonide, cyclic speleogenesis, epigean, glacial erosion, inception fracture, marble, one-eighth relationship, Quaternary, Scandinavia, seismicity, stripe karst, subsurface cave distance, tectonic inception, Weichselian.
%8 Received 3 November 2010; Accepted 24 December 2010
%Z summary
%_ end

%P 93-98
%9 Paper
%T Some 'lamp floras' from tourist caves in northern England
%A Allan PENTECOST
%X Eighteen species of cyanobacteria, 6 species of diatoms, 4 bryophytes, one coocoid green alga and one fern were recorded from the lamp floras of three tourist caves in northern England. Cyanobacteria predominated and were observed growing at photosynthetic photon flux densities ranging from 0.06 - 2.08 µmol m-2 s-1. Eucladium verticillatum was the most commonly recorded moss and grew at irradiances of 0.55 - 2.08 µmol m-2 s-1. Several cyanobacteria possessed phycoerythrin-rich cells and in the case of Phormidium valderianum was dependent upon light quality. Direct illumination with fluorescent lamps resulted in phycoerythrin-enriched cells, but phycoerythrin synthesis appeared to be suppressed where radiation was reflected from the walls of the cave.
%K cyanobacteria, diatoms, irradiance, phycoerythrin, Eucladium, aerophytic, subaerial.
%8 Received 6 September 2010; Accepted 28 November 2010
%Z summary
%_ end

%P 99
%9 Forum
%T Correspondence
%X Derbyshire pipe veins - an alternative explanation? (Trevor Ford)
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%P 99
%9 Forum
%T Thesis abstracts
%X 1) Baker, A (2010). Modelling the growth rate and oxygen isotope composition of stalagmite calcite: the influence of cave ventilation and isotopic fractionation processes through Earth's hydrosphere. MSc (Earth Sciences), University of Durham
%X 2) Wynne, E (2010). Hydrogeological Assessment of the Buxton Karstic Limestone Aquifer through Tracer Testing. MSc (Hydrogeology), University of Birmingham
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%P 100
%9 Forum
%T World Karst Science
%X 1) Review: Shaw, T. R., A Čuk and J MacQueen. 2010. Aspects of the History of Slovene Karst 1545 - 2008. Ljubljana: ZRC Publishing. 306pp, 203 b/w and colour illustrations, softback. €24.00.
%X 2) Journal of Cave and Karst Studies. Volume 72(3), December 2010
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%P iii
%T Research Fund and Grants
%Z free
%_ end

%P iv
%T Back cover photos
%X A selection of surface and underground images from the impressive alpine-type glaciokarst of the Arabika Massif in the western Caucasus Mountains of Georgia. (Photographs by Tony Furnell, John Gunn, Alexander Klimchouk. See contents page for full credits).
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